Showing posts with label PSY 490. Show all posts
Showing posts with label PSY 490. Show all posts

Saturday, September 27, 2014

Pay It Forward

A random act of kindness that I performed this week was that I anonymously paid my friend electric bill.  She has been out of work since December when she slipped on an icy platform and broke her knee and times have been really difficult for the family so I decided to pay her electric bill since that is one bill that she was having difficulty getting help with paying.  She doesn’t know yet that the bill was paid but she will when she calls to try and get a payment arrangement and I know that will relieve some of the stress that she has been under.  I do not plan on telling her that I am the one who paid the bill because I do not want her to feel obligated to pay me back, I just want to help her in any way that I can until things get better for her and her family.
Altruism, Personal and Professional Social Responsibility, and Codependency
Altruism can be defined as “the conscious devotion to helping others regardless of whether the motivation is self-interested or other centered.  It is a premeditated pursuit of charity to unify and increase the overall welfare of society” (Wasieleski, 2008).  In contrast to Altruism, professional social responsibility is doing things that benefit society and not just individuals.  Codependency is “a psychological syndrome noted in partners or relatives of persons with alcohol or drug addiction that includes low self-esteem and a unreasonably high need for approval and affection, and denial---both of their own personal needs and of problems within the family” ("codependency," 2014).   Many people believe that acts of altruism are rare; however I disagree because I have witnessed as well as performed altruistic deeds because it was something that needed to be done at the time.  Professional social responsibility is very common; although it may not always be genuine and codependent actions happen because the individual that is on the opposite side of the receiving end is in need of the mutual relationship with the individual that is receiving the benefits.     
Altruism Application to Psychology or Psychological Principles
The desire to want to help individuals could be considered altruism in psychology, however many individuals that practice psychology may not be doing it for that reason but they do have a professional social responsibility to assist individuals in seeking a better quality of life. Altruism works together with psychological principles because they are intended to alleviate the difficulties that human beings suffer from without any personal agenda or profit.
Altruism Improvement on Human Condition
At one point in time I was experiencing some financial struggles and someone anonymously paid my utility bills which relieved some of the stress I was experiencing, so when I performed the same act for my friend it provided me with a sense of good feelings because I was able to return the deed that was done for me once upon a time.  It is believed that altruism is supposed to provide a benefit for all involved which could turn into individuals consciously being involved in committing acts to pay it forward.  Altruism improves human condition because it allows individuals to help others in need without expecting anything in return and that may give those individuals receiving the help the desire to want to help someone else one day.


Personal and Professional Responsibilities Related to Altruism
Managed health care has prompted many psychological professionals to perform altruistic deeds, such as providing services free of charge to clients whom cannot afford to pay because they are considering the well-being of their clients above everything else. The Pro Bono Counseling Project was developed “to help fill the gap in mental health services to low-income individuals and families” (Bembry, Anderson, & Yaggy, 2002), that are affected by all the changes in medical coverage.
Future of Psychology in Contemporary Society & Altruism
The future of psychology in relation to altruism is dependent upon the professionals whom are practicing and whether or not their acts will be in the best interest of the clients or for personal and/or professional benefits.  Society is definitely in need of individuals who are strong, responsible and have a desire to make changes in the quality of human life, which is why altruism is very important in the field of psychology and contemporary society. 
Conclusion
Random acts of kindness can be considered altruistic deeds and can also be the result of an individual performing professional or social responsibility, which can improve human condition.  Many argue that there is no “true altruism”, however I disagree because there have been situation in which individuals had to immediately take actions to help an individuals in need without thinking about the benefits, such as the man who ran in the burning house to save the children that were trapped on the second floor.

References

Ethics Awareness Inventory

Ethics deal with questions such as “how should we live?  Shall we aim at happiness or at knowledge, virtue, or the creation of beautiful objects? If we choose happiness, will it be our own or the happiness of all? Can we justify living in opulence while elsewhere in the world people are starving? What are our obligations, if any to the generations of humans who will come after us and to the nonhuman animals with whom we share the planet?” ("ethics," 2014)  Basically, ethics is “the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong” ("ethics," 2014).  The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management developed the Ethics Awareness Inventory as a “tool for developing ethical competency” (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2011) in professional settings.  This paper will briefly discuss the results from my Ethical Awareness Inventory as well as the role and importance of personal ethics in psychology, principles, and the code of conduct.  This paper will also discuss how ethics can affect how you apply psychological principles to personal, spiritual, social, and organizational issues and assess how ethics affects psychological knowledge and principles related to personal growth, health and development. In conclusion this paper will analyze advantages of psychology as a degree choice and how ethics play in role in deciding to pursue a degree in psychology.   
Ethics Awareness Inventory
Reading the numeric results from the Ethics Awareness Inventory were a bit confusing because I couldn’t understand what the numbers represent, however further into the results I learned that my ethical perspective is based on the results or consequences of my actions.  The results from my ethical perspective states that I believe “that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest good for the greatest number of persons.  In judging whether an individual’s actions are ethical, I look for concrete evidence”. I couldn’t agree more with this perspective because I almost never go by a person’s word but rather their actions. My ethical style is one that believes that “we each have a moral right to experience the good life”.  My focus is typically on the improving the well-being of the people because unhappy people have a negative effect on societies moral which influences ethical behavior.
Importance of Personal Ethics In Psychology
Personal ethics are developed through an individual’s lifespan and are extremely important in psychology because they influence professional ethics.  Professional ethics shape the foundation of professional behavior in psychology and that is why the “APA formed an ethics committee in the 1930s, and developed its first set of ethical principles in 1953” (Plante, 2011 p. 371).  The American Psychological Association developed the ethics code of conduct and ethical principles to protect the well-being of clients by outlining the responsibilities of a psychologist that ensures no harm is done to anyone obtaining services.  The code of conduct outlines what types of behaviors and actions in the field of psychology are acceptable as well as unacceptable.
Effects of Ethical Application
According to the Ethical Awareness Inventory results my increased awareness influences how I will apply psychological principles to personal, spiritual, social, and organizational issues.  I scored high on result-oriented perspectives that are based on the consequences of actions taken; therefore following the ethics code of conduct and principles are extremely likely in all aspects of life because positive results are extremely important.  I am goal-oriented, productive, systematic, and analytical and a global thinker and my main goal is to always do what is good for the people by focusing on getting positive results in any given situation. 
Ethics Effect on Personal Growth, Health, and Development
Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory on stages of moral development that shows how ethics effect personal growth, health, and development because ethical behavior develops as one advances through the stages.  Personal growth influences ethics because individual’s display responsible behavior through learning new skills and obtaining knowledge.  Personal development causes an individual to grow which changes their attitude in a positive manner.  A positive attitude is good for an individual’s health because it reduces stress.  Ethics boost self-confidence because individuals believe they are more capable of accomplishing certain things which increase development through learning from experience.   
Psychology as a Degree
Pursuing a degree in psychology can open the door to a variety of careers, such as Clinical Psychology, Forensic Psychology, Industrial/Organizational Psychology just to name a few.  A degree in psychology also is an excellent way to learn more about other people as well as yourself because by studying psychology individuals gain a better understanding of human nature such as how and why people think, feel and behave certain ways.  Ethics play a major role in people making the decision to pursue a degree in psychology because most people with strong ethics want to help others and psychology is a field that focus on helping people. 
Conclusion
The Ethics Awareness Inventory is used to assess the personal ethics, principles and moral judgment of an individual in any given situation and the results give an ethical perspective based of the answers provided.  Personal ethics is very important in psychology because they can have a direct influence on professional behavior and that is why the American Psychological Association developed the code of conduct to protect the well-being of clients by ensuring that psychologist do not allow their personal views affect their judgment when providing services. There are many benefits of obtaining a degree in psychology such as multiple career choices, however the most beneficial of all is learning what motivates human behavior.
  

The Diverse Nature of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study “of the thought processes and behavior of humans and other animals in their interaction with the environment” ("Psychology," 2013).  The field of psychology consist of many different divisions that allow Psychologists the opportunity to “study processes of sense perception, thinking, learning, cognition, emotions, and motivations, personality, abnormal behavior, interactions between individuals, and interactions with the environment” ("Psychology," 2013), which dates back to ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, China, and India.  This paper will evaluate the influence of diversity on psychology’s major concepts as well as identify two examples of sub-disciplines and two examples of subtopics within psychology and how these examples can be applied to other disciplines and venues in contemporary society, relate the sub-disciplines and subtopics to a theoretical perspective.
The Influence of Diversity on Major Concepts in Psychology
Diversity has a very strong influence on the major concepts in psychology, such as the psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral and evolutionary because each concept offers a different explanation on human behavior.  Psychodynamic was developed by Sigmund Freud states that “people’s actions reflect the way thoughts, feelings, and wishes are associated in their minds; that many of these processes are unconscious; and that mental processes can conflict with one another, leading to compromised among competing motives” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011 p. 15).  B.F. Skinner developed the concept on behaviorism that “focuses on learning and studies the way in which environmental events control behavior” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011 p.17). The cognitive concept “focuses on the way people perceive, process, and retrieve information” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011 p.19) and evolutionary states that “many human behavioral tendencies evolved because they helped our ancestors survive and reproduce” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011 p.25).   
Major concepts in psychology were developed though experiments and research on human behavior “and although the different perspectives offer radically different ways of approaching psychology each has made distinctive contributions” (Kowalski & Westen, 2011 p. 28) and have allowed researchers the opportunity to incorporate the findings into different areas of psychology giving psychologists the chance to go in more depth with assessments and diagnosis of individuals seeking treatment for psychological issues. 
Psychology Sub-disciplines and subtopics applications to other disciplines
A sub-discipline can be defined as “a specific area of study within a broader field” (American Psychological Association, 2010) and The American Psychological Association recognizes “four “specialties”-clinical, counseling, school, and industrial/organizational psychology (APA, 1997a)” as cited in (Landrum & Davis, 2010 p.13), however “there are 54 subdivisions of psychology with the American Psychological Association (APA) comprising diverse areas of practice and research” (American Psychological Association, 2010).
Industrial/organizational psychology “apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace in the interest of improving productivity and the quality of work life” (Landrum & Davis, 2010 p.15).  I/O psychologists work in organizations to help with hiring, training and developing healthy positive working environments. The psychological findings from I/O psychology can be applied in abnormal psychology and clinical psychology to provide information on how the workplace influences behavior that could cause an individual to develop mental illness. 
 Environmental psychology examines “the relation between psychology and the physical environment, including homes, offices, and urban or rural areas” (Landrum & Davis, 2010 p.14).  Environmental psychologists’ main focus is on how things in the environment, such as pollution, noise and traffic congestion affect human behavior and the role human’s contribute to those environmental stressors. Architecture, sociology and education are examples of other disciplines that can benefit from the application of environmental psychology through conducting research and applying those findings to help develop environments that improve human behavior.  
Educational psychology focus is “on the conditions under which effective teaching and learning take place” (Landrum & Davis, 2010 p.14).  An Educational psychologist will examine different aspects, such as “human abilities, student motivation, and the effect on the classroom of the diversity of race, ethnicity, and culture” (Landrum & Davis, 2010 p.14).  The psychological findings in educational psychology can be applied to other disciplines such as cross-cultural psychology to help psychologists gain a better understanding on how individuals from different cultural backgrounds process information during their learning experience. 
Theoretical Perspectives
Psychoanalytical and cognitive-behavioral are two major theoretical perspectives that relate to the sub-disciplines and subtopics that were discussed because they both state exceptional diverse views on mental illness in relation to human behavior.  Psychoanalytic theory “is a framework for understanding the impact of the unconscious on thoughts, feelings, and behavior” ("Psychoanalytic Theory," 2008), whereas cognitive-behavioral theory focus is on “changing the behaviors and cognition's that are thought to be currently maintaining a problem, rather than on helping a client to gain insight into the early developmental factors that may have initially set the stage for developing the problem” (Antony, 2005) like psychoanalytic theory.  The psychoanalytical method is long and tedious because it seeks to bring unconscious suppressed conflicts into consciousness so the issues can be resolved, whereas cognitive-behavioral method is short-term because it is “problem focused and goal driven” (Antony, 2005).  Although both theoretical perspectives are different in their approach they both share a common goal and that is to offer a resolution to improper thoughts and behavior that causes disturbances in human nature.
Conclusion
The diverse nature of psychology has its strengths and weaknesses that continue to evolve because of continuous research efforts that seek to understand human behavior from different viewpoints and perspectives.  Each sub-discipline and subtopic concentrates on specific areas of concerns; however they all seek to explain human behavior just only in that particular setting therefore the incorporation of theoretical perspectives is needed to get a more diverse understanding of certain behaviors.  I practice maintaining good mental health which allows me a greater understanding of diversity that exists within human nature especially where mental health is concerned. My concern and care for the well-being of others without bias gives me a better opportunity to learn more about the influences on human behavior, personalities, mental illness and how one day I could be of more service to those in need.